இன்னா நாற்பது

கபிலர் (Kapilar)

Sangam-adjacent period, c. 4th century CE

Kapilar was one of the most celebrated poets of Sangam literature, credited with numerous Sangam-era works including the Kurinjippattu. Innaa Narpathu is generally placed in his later work, at the tail end of, or just after, the classical Sangam period.

Innaa Narpathu ("the forty painful things") is one of the Pathinenkilkanakku, often read as the companion piece to Iniyavai Narpathu. Each of its 40 verses lists four things in life that are painful or regrettable, offering moral guidance indirectly - through what ought to be avoided rather than what ought to be pursued.